5.5 Solid-state Relays
As versatile as electromechanical relays can be, they do suffer many limitations. They can be expensive to build, have...
Tag: Free Book on Digital
5.4 Protective Relays
A special type of relay is one which monitors the current, voltage, frequency, or any other type of electric power...
5.3 Time-delay Relays
What are Time-Delay Relays? Some relays are constructed with a kind of “shock absorber” mechanism attached to the...
5.2 Contactors
All About Contactors When a relay is used to switch a large amount of electrical power through its contacts, it is...
5.1 Relay Construction
An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field at right angles to the direction of electron...
4.4 Contact Bounce
When a switch is actuated and contacts touch one another under the force of actuation, they are supposed to establish...
4.3 Contact Normal State and Make/Break Sequence
Any kind of switch contact can be designed so that the contacts “close” (establish continuity) when actuated, or...
4.2 Switch Contact Design
A switch can be constructed with any mechanism bringing two conductors into contact with each other in a controlled...
4.1 Switch Types
Though it may seem strange to cover the elementary topic of electrical switches at such a late stage in this book...
3.11 DIP Gate Packaging
Digital logic gate circuits are manufactured as integrated circuits: all the constituent transistors and resistors...
3.10 Logic Signal Voltage Levels
Logic gate circuits are designed to input and output only two types of signals: “high” (1) and “low” (0), as...
3.9 Gate Universality
NAND and NOR gates possess a special property: they are universal. That is, given enough gates, either type of gate is...
3.8 Special-output Gates
It is sometimes desirable to have a logic gate that provides both inverted and non-inverted outputs. For example, a...
3.7 CMOS Gate Circuitry
Up until this point, our analysis of transistor logic circuits has been limited to the TTL design paradigm, whereby...
3.6 TTL NOR and OR gates
Let’s examine the following TTL circuit and analyze its operation: Transistors Q1 and Q2 are both arranged in the...
