General 15.11 Modbus adminFeb 3, 2020 Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller,...
General 15.10 The HART digital/analog hybrid standard adminFeb 3, 2020 A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing...
General 15.9 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) adminFeb 3, 2020 At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication...
General 15.8 Internet Protocol (IP) adminFeb 3, 2020 I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first...
General 15.7 Ethernet networks adminFeb 3, 2020 An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research center in...
General 15.6 EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 networks adminFeb 3, 2020 Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA (Electronic...
General 15.5 Digital data communication theory adminFeb 3, 2020 One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information...
General 15.4 Analog signal conditioning and referencing adminFeb 3, 2020 Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly inexpensive as...
General 15.3 Analog-digital conversion adminFeb 3, 2020 In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog) world of...
General 15.2 Digital representation of text adminFeb 3, 2020 Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent...
General 15.1 Digital representation of numerical data adminFeb 3, 2020 Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow through a...
Education 2.5 Stacking the Layers adminJan 22, 2020 We usually show the four different layers (Link, Internetwork, Transport, and Application) stacked on top of each...
Education 2.4 The Application Layer adminJan 22, 2020 The Link, Internetwork, and Transport layers work together to quickly and reliably move data between two computers...
Education 2.3 The Transport Layer (TCP) adminJan 22, 2020 The Internetwork layer is both simple and complex. It looks at a packet’s destination address and finds a path...
Education 2.2 The Internetwork Layer (IP) adminJan 22, 2020 Once your packet destined for the Internet makes it across the first link, it will be in a router. Your packet has a...